#648 The Electronics of Radio
Book notes: The Electronics of Radio, by David B. Rutledge. First published August 13, 1999.
Notes
See also:
Kit available from:
Studied in EE 322/322L Electronics II – Wireless Communication Electronics
NorCal QRP Club - a repository of manuals, instructions, schematics for current and past NorCal projects
Contents
1 The Wireless World 1
- 1.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2
- 1.2 Frequency 5
- 1.3 Modulation 8
- 1.4 Amplifiers 10
- 1.5 Decibels 10
- 1.6 Mixers 11
- 1.7 Filters 12
- 1.8 Direct-Conversion Receivers 13
- 1.9 Superheterodyne Receivers 15
- 1.10 The NorCal 40A 17
2 Components 20
- 2.1 Resistors 20
- 2.2 Sources 22
- 2.3 Dividers 25
- 2.4 Look-Back Resistance 26
- 2.5 Capacitors 28
- 2.6 Energy Storage in Capacitors 30
- 2.7 RC Circuits 31
- 2.8 Diodes 33
- 2.9 Inductors 35
- 2.10 Energy Storage in Inductors 36
- 2.11 RL Circuits 37
- PROBLEM 1. Resistors 39
- PROBLEM 2. Sources 40
- PROBLEM 3. Capacitors 41
- PROBLEM 4. Diode Detectors 44
- PROBLEM 5. Inductors 45
- PROBLEM 6. Diode Snubbers 48
3 Phasors 49
- 3.1 Complex Numbers 49
- 3.2 Exponential Function 52
- 3.3 Phasors 53
- 3.4 Impedance 56
- 3.5 RC Filters 57
- 3.6 Series Resonance 59
- 3.7 Parallel Resonance 62
- 3.8 Phasor Power 63
- PROBLEM 7. Parallel-to-Series Conversion 65
- PROBLEM 8. Series Resonance 66
- PROBLEM 9. Parallel Resonance 68
4 Transmission Lines 71
- 4.1 Distributed Capacitance and Inductance 71
- 4.2 Telegraphist’s Equations 73
- 4.3 Waves 74
- 4.4 Phasors for Waves 77
- 4.5 General Lines 78
- 4.6 Dispersion 80
- 4.7 Reflections 83
- 4.8 Available Power 85
- 4.9 Resonance 86
- 4.10 Quality Factor 89
- 4.11 Lines with Loads 90
- PROBLEM 10. Coaxial Cable 92
- PROBLEM 11. Waves 94
- PROBLEM 12. Resonance 95
5 Filters 97
- 5.1 Ladder Filters 97
- 5.2 Filter Tables 100
- 5.3 Examples 101
- 5.4 Band-Pass Filters 104
- 5.5 Crystals 107
- 5.6 Impedance Inverters 109
- PROBLEM 13. Harmonic Filter 112
- PROBLEM 14. IF Filter 114
6 Transformers 119
- 6.1 Inductance Formulas 119
- 6.2 Transformers 120
- 6.3 Ideal Transformers 122
- 6.4 Magnetizing Current 123
- PROBLEM 15. Driver Transformer 124
- PROBLEM 16. Tuned Transformers 126
7 Acoustics 131
- 7.1 Equations of Sound 131
- 7.2 Hearing 134
- 7.3 Masking 136
- 7.4 rms Voltages 137
- PROBLEM 17. Tuned Speaker 138
- PROBLEM 18. Acoustic Standing-Wave Ratio 141
8 Transistor Switches 142
- 8.1 Bipolar Transistors 143
- 8.2 Transistor Models 144
- 8.3 Transistor Switches 146
- PROBLEM 19. Receiver Switch 149
- PROBLEM 20. Transmitter Switch 151
9 Transistor Amplifiers 154
- 9.1 Common-Emitter Amplifier 154
- 9.2 Maximum Efficiency of Class-A Amplifiers 156
- 9.3 Amplifier Gain 158
- 9.4 IV Curves 159
- 9.5 Base Resistance 161
- 9.6 Emitter Degeneration 162
- 9.7 Emitter Follower 166
- 9.8 Differential Amplifier 168
- 9.9 Field-Effect Transistors 170
- 9.10 Source Follower 174
- PROBLEM 21. Driver Amplifier 175
- PROBLEM 22. Emitter Degeneration 177
- PROBLEM 23. Buffer Amplifier 178
10 Power Amplifiers 180
- 10.1 Class-C Amplifiers 182
- 10.2 NorCal 40A Power Amplifier 185
- 10.3 Class D 188
- 10.4 Class E 190
- 10.5 Class F 192
- 10.6 Class B 193
- 10.7 Thermal Modeling 196
- PROBLEM 24. Power Amplifier 199
- PROBLEM 25. Thermal Modeling 200
11 Oscillators 204
- 11.1 Criteria for Oscillation 204
- 11.2 Clapp Oscillator 207
- 11.3 Variable-Frequency Oscillator 210
- 11.4 Gain Limiting 211
- 11.5 Crystal Oscillators 214
- 11.6 Phase Noise 217
- PROBLEM 26. VFO 219
- PROBLEM 27. Gain Limiting 221
12 Mixers 226
- 12.1 Gilbert Cell 226
- 12.2 Mixer Mathematics 228
- 12.3 Spurious Responses 230
- 12.4 Broad-Band Receivers 231
- 12.5 Key Clicks 233
- PROBLEM 28. RF Mixer 237
- PROBLEM 29. Product Detector 239
- PROBLEM 30. Transmit Mixer 242
13 Audio Circuits 245
- 13.1 Audio Amplifier 245
- 13.2 Op Amps 247
- 13.3 JFETs as Variable Resistors 249
- PROBLEM 31. Audio Amplifier 250
- PROBLEM 32. Automatic Gain Control 254
- PROBLEM 33. Alignment 256
14 Noise and Intermodulation 261
- 14.1 Noise 261
- 14.2 Noise Phasors 263
- 14.3 Nyquist’s Formula 264
- 14.4 Attenuator Noise 267
- 14.5 Cascading Components 268
- 14.6 Measuring Noise 270
- 14.7 Intermodulation 270
- 14.8 Dynamic Range 273
- PROBLEM 34. Receiver Response 274
- PROBLEM 35. Intermodulation 276
- PROBLEM 36. Demonstration 277
15 Antennas and Propagation 278
- 15.1 Radio Waves 278
- 15.2 Impedance 280
- 15.3 Directions and Solid Angles 281
- 15.4 Transmitting Antennas 282
- 15.5 Receiving Antennas 283
- 15.6 Friis Formula 284
- 15.7 Antenna Theorem 287
- 15.8 Reciprocity 288
- 15.9 Dipoles 290
- 15.10 Whip Antennas 292
- 15.11 Ionosphere 294
- 15.12 Radio Waves in the Ionosphere 297
- 15.13 Critical Frequency 299
- 15.14 Maximum Usable Frequency 301
- PROBLEM 37. Antennas 305
- PROBLEM 38. Propagation 306
- PROBLEM 39. Listening 308
Appendices
- A Equipment and Parts 315
- A.1 Equipment 315
- A.2 Vendors 316
- A.3 Parts 316
- B Fourier Series 329
- B.1 Fourier Coefficients 329
- B.2 Square Wave 331
- B.3 Rectified Cosine 332
- B.4 Narrow Pulses 333
- C Puff 2.1 335
- C.1 Windows 336
- C.2 Getting Started 337
- C.3 Scattering Parameters 340
- C.4 Examples 341
- C.5 Parts Window 344
- C.6 Layout Window 349
- C.7 Board Window 351
- C.8 Plot Window 352
- C.9 Component Sweep 353
- D Component Data 355
- Table D.1. Resistors, inductors and capacitors 356
- Table D.2. Iron and ferrite cores 356
- 1N5817 Schottky barrier rectifier 357
- MVAM108 silicon tuning diode 363
- P2N2222A general purpose npn silicon transistor 365
- 2N3553 2.5-W high-frequency npn silicon transistor 371
- 2N3906 general purpose pnp silicon transistor 373
- 2N4124 general purpose npn silicon transistor 379
- J309 n-channel VHF/UHF JFET 385
- MC78L08AC three-terminal low-current, positive-
- voltage regulator 391
- LM386N-1 National Semiconductor low-voltage audio
- power amplifier 399
- 1N4148 high-speed diode 408
- SA602AN double-balanced mixer and oscillator 415